generally safe and may even offer some health benefits, excessive intake—commonly defined as more than 4 cups per day—can interfere with calcium absorption in the intestines. Caffeine increases calcium excretion through urine, which may lead to a negative calcium balance if dietary intake is insufficient.
For individuals at risk of osteoporosis or with existing bone density issues, this effect can accelerate bone loss. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D is essential to offset these effects when consuming coffee regularly.
Limit coffee intake to moderate levels to